Sunday, September 30, 2012

Chapter Four From the Guidance of the Proclamation is Warning Against Shirk


Lessons of Creed Acquired From the Hajj
By

‘AbdurRazzaq bin ‘Abdul-Muhsin al-Badr

Translated by
Abbas Abu Yahya

Chapter Four
From the Guidance of the Proclamation is Warning Against Shirk[1]

What has preceded is the explanation of the excellence of the proclamation (Talbiyaah) and that it comprises the proclamation of Allaah’s Tawheed and the rejection of Shirk.  This is why the great Companion Jabir bin Abdullaah -radiAllaah anhu- mentioned the Hajj of the Prophet as is described in Saheeh Muslim by saying: ‘Then he made the proclamation with Tawheed, Here I am O Allaah, here I am, You have no partner, here I am, Verily all praise is for You, and every bounty is from You, and all dominion is Yours - You have no partner.

So he -radiAllaah anhu- described this statement as a proclamation with Tawheed; because in it is sincerity for Allaah and the rejection of Shirk.  This also shows us that these words, by which I mean the words of the Talbiyaah, are not mere words which do not suggest any meaning, but rather they have a great meaning and a deep significance and it is none other than the spirit of this Deen, its foundation and the origin upon which the Tawheed of Allaah Ta’ala is built.

Therefore, it is indeed an obligation on everyone who proclaims these great words that he brings to mind what these words suggest, from their meanings.  Also, that one knows what they contain of evidence; so that one can be truthful in  one’s proclamation and so that, due to this, one’s speech can be in conformity with the reality of one’s situation, whereby one can hold on to Tawheed, preserving it, observing its rights, keeping away completely from that which cancels out Tawheed and that which opposes it from Shirk and setting up equals unto Him.

So do not ask, except from Allaah, and aid is not sought except from Allaah and do not rely, except upon Allaah, do not request aid, help or victory except from Allaah and do not direct any aspect of worship except to Allaah Alone, He in Whose Hand is bestowing and withholding, taking and (giving openly), benefit and harm.
أَمَّن يُجِيبُ ٱلۡمُضۡطَرَّ إِذَا دَعَاهُ وَيَكۡشِفُ ٱلسُّوٓءَ وَيَجۡعَلُكُمۡ خُلَفَآءَ ٱلۡأَرۡضِۗ أَءِلَٰهٞ مَّعَ ٱللَّهِۚ قَلِيلٗا مَّا تَذَكَّرُونَ
<< Is not He (better than your gods) Who responds to the distressed one, when he calls Him and Who removes the evil and makes you inheritors of the earth, generation after generation.  Is there any god with Allaah? Little is it that you remember! >>[al-Naml : 62]
When the Muslim says in his proclamation : ‘You have no partner’ then it is obligatory upon him to have knowledge about the reality of Shirk, recognising its danger, and being completely wary of falling into it or any of its causes, means and ways; since it is the greatest of sins by which Allaah is disobeyed.  Due to this, the punishments that are levelled for Shirk in this world and the Hereafter are not the same as those levelled for any other sin, by which the blood and wealth of the people become lawful and their women and children become prisoners, such that there is no forgiveness for a person for his sins except by repenting from them.

Allaah Ta’ala says :
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَغۡفِرُ أَن يُشۡرَكَ بِهِۦ وَيَغۡفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَآءُۚ وَمَن يُشۡرِكۡ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدِ ٱفۡتَرَىٰٓ إِثۡمًا عَظِيمًا
<< Verily, Allaah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him in worship, but He forgives except that (anything else) to whom He pleases, and whoever sets up partners with Allaah in worship, he has indeed invented a tremendous sin.>> [Nisa:48]


He says :
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَغۡفِرُ أَن يُشۡرَكَ بِهِۦ وَيَغۡفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَآءُۚ وَمَن يُشۡرِكۡ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدۡ ضَلَّ ضَلَٰلَۢا بَعِيدًا
<< Verily! Allaah forgives not (the sin of) setting up partners in worship with Him, but He forgives whom He pleases sins other than that, and whoever sets up partners in worship with Allaah, has indeed strayed far away. >>[Nisa:116]

He also says :
إِنَّهُۥ مَن يُشۡرِكۡ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدۡ حَرَّمَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيۡهِ ٱلۡجَنَّةَ وَمَأۡوَىٰهُ ٱلنَّارُۖ وَمَا لِلظَّٰلِمِينَ مِنۡ أَنصَارٖ
<<  Verily, whosoever sets up partners in worship with Allaah, then Allaah has forbidden Paradise for him and the Fire will be his abode.  And for the Zalimoon (polytheists and wrong­doers) there are no helpers.>> [Maida:72]

And Allaah says :
وَلَقَدۡ أُوحِيَ إِلَيۡكَ وَإِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِكَ لَئِنۡ أَشۡرَكۡتَ لَيَحۡبَطَنَّ عَمَلُكَ وَلَتَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلۡخَٰسِرِينَ ٦٥ بَلِ
ٱللَّهَ فَٱعۡبُدۡ وَكُن مِّنَ ٱلشَّٰكِرِينَ ٦٦
<<And indeed it has been revealed to you as it was to those (Allaah’s Messengers) before you: ‘If you join others in worship with Allaah, (then) surely (all) your deeds will be in vain, and you will certainly be among the losers.’ Nay! But worship Allaah (Alone and none else), and be among the grateful. >> [az-Zumar: 65-66]
There are very many Ayaat with these meanings in the Noble Qur’aan.  Allaah warns His slaves against committing Shirk with Him and He explains to them the extreme danger of Shirk, the magnitude of its foolishness and the evil consequence, in this world and the Hereafter, for the one who does it.

So, the consequence of Shirk is evil, its result is grievous, its danger is immense and the one who commits it does not benefit anything after it except failure, deprivation, degradation and loss.  It is the greatest of sins by which Allaah is disobeyed, because it is the most oppressive of oppressions; since its meanings contain a belittling of the Lord of the worlds, diverting His absolute Right to someone else and equating someone else with Him.  This is because the one committing Shirk is contradicting the purpose of creation and Allaah’s command, negating it from every angle.

Shirk is the height of opposition to the Lord of  the worlds and it is to be too arrogant to have obedience and humility for Him, because Shirk is to liken the creation to the Creator, the Most High and the Holy.

How can a person put someone else in the position of worship - one who does not possess the ability to harm or to bring about benefit, nor possesses death, nor life, nor can he resurrect the dead, let alone other than himself, - and liken (him) to The One Who owns all of the creation and the dominion, in Whose Hands is all good and all matters and to Whom all matters return?

Whatever He wills exists and whatever He does not will does not exist.  There is none to prevent what He gives and there is none to give what He prevents. He Who, if He opens up mercy for the people there is none to hold it back and whatever He withholds, then there is none that can send it after Him.
Indeed, the obligation on every Muslim is that he warns most sternly against Shirk and that he is extremely wary of falling into it. We have the Prophet of Allaah and His friend Ibraheem - sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam – saying in his supplication:
وَٱجۡنُبۡنِي وَبَنِيَّ أَن نَّعۡبُدَ ٱلۡأَصۡنَامَ ٣٥ رَبِّ إِنَّهُنَّ أَضۡلَلۡنَ كَثِيرٗا مِّنَ ٱلنَّاسِۖ
<< And keep me and my sons away from worshipping idols. O my Lord! They have indeed led astray many among mankind. >> [Ibraheem: 35-36]
So, Ibraheem –alayhis Salaam- feared this and supplicated to his Lord that He protect him and his offspring from worshipping idols.  So, if Ibraheem al-Khaleel –alayhis Salaam- used to ask Allaah to keep him and his offspring away from worshipping idols, then what do you think about anyone other than him?  As Ibraheem at-Taymee -Rahimullaah- said : ‘Who can feel safe from trial after Ibraheem ?’[2]

There is no doubt that the heart which is alive and fearful of Shirk is extremely wary of it and is continuously and ceaselessly asking Allaah to be excepted from falling into it.  This then requires that the believing slave must be knowledgeable about the reality of Shirk and its causes, its principles and its various types; so as not to fall into it.  This is why Hudayfah bin al-Yaman -radiAllaah anhu- said : ‘The people used to ask the Messenger of Allaah - sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam – about  good, but I used to ask him about evil fearing that I would fall into it.’  Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim in their authentic collections.

That is because for the one who knows nothing but good, then perhaps evil may come to him but he doesn’t know that it is evil.  So, either he will fall into it or he will not be able to reject it, unlike the one who knows about it, who will be able to reject it; so this is why Umar bin al-Khattab -radhiAllaah anhu - said : ‘Indeed the yoke of Islaam will be taken apart peice by piece if the one raised in Islaam does not know about the times of ignorance.’
 Indeed being far removed from all types of Shirk whilst having sincerity of Tawheed for Allaah is the foundation upon which it is obligatory to build all acts of obedience, those which bring the slave closer to Allaah Ta’ala and this includes the Hajj and other acts of obedience. Allaah Ta’ala said in Sooratul Hajj:
٢٦ وَأَذِّن فِي ٱلنَّاسِ بِٱلۡحَجِّ يَأۡتُوكَ رِجَالٗا وَعَلَىٰ كُلِّ ضَامِرٖ يَأۡتِينَ مِن كُلِّ فَجٍّ عَمِيقٖ ٢٧ لِّيَشۡهَدُواْ
مَنَٰفِعَ لَهُمۡ وَيَذۡكُرُواْ ٱسۡمَ ٱللَّهِ فِيٓ أَيَّام
ٖ مَّعۡلُومَٰتٍ عَلَىٰ مَا رَزَقَهُم مِّنۢ بَهِيمَةِ ٱلۡأَنۡعَٰمِۖ فَكُلُواْ مِنۡهَا
وَأَطۡعِمُواْ ٱلۡبَآئِسَ ٱلۡفَقِيرَ ٢٨ ثُمَّ لۡيَقۡضُواْ تَفَثَهُمۡ وَلۡيُوفُواْ نُذُورَهُمۡ وَلۡيَطَّوَّفُواْ بِٱلۡبَيۡتِ ٱلۡعَتِيقِ ٢٩
ذَٰلِكَۖ وَمَن يُعَظِّمۡ حُرُمَٰتِ ٱللَّهِ فَهُوَ خَيۡرٞ لَّهُۥ عِندَ رَبِّهِۦۗ وَأُحِلَّتۡ لَكُمُ ٱلۡأَنۡعَٰمُ إِلَّا مَا يُتۡلَىٰ عَلَيۡكُمۡۖ
فَٱجۡتَنِبُواْ ٱلرِّجۡسَ مِنَ ٱلۡأَوۡثَٰنِ وَٱجۡتَنِبُواْ قَوۡلَ ٱلزُّورِ  حُنَفَآءَ لِلَّهِ غَيۡرَ مُشۡرِكِينَ بِهِۦۚ وَمَن يُشۡرِكۡ بِٱللَّهِ فَكَأَنَّمَا خَرَّ مِنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ فَتَخۡطَفُهُ ٱلطَّيۡرُ أَوۡ تَهۡوِي بِهِ ٱلرِّيحُ فِي مَكَان
ٖ سَحِيقٖ٣٠
<< And proclaim to mankind the Hajj (pilgrimage). They will come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every deep and distant (wide) mountain highway (to perform Hajj). That they may witness things that are of benefit to them and mention the Name of Allah on appointed days over the beast of cattle that He has provided for them (for sacrifice).
Then eat thereof and feed therewith the poor who have a very hard time. Then let them complete the prescribed duties for them, and perform their vows, and circumambulate the Ancient House (the Ka'bah at Makkah).
That (duties of Hajj is the obligation that mankind owes to Allaah), and whoever honours the sacred things of Allah, then that is better for him with his Lord. The cattle are lawful to you, except those (that will be) mentioned to you (as exceptions). So shun the abomination (worshipping) of idols and shun lying speech (false statements)
To worship none but Allaah, not associating partners unto Him and whoever assigns partners to Allah, it is as if he had fallen from the sky, and the birds had snatched him, or the wind had thrown him to a far-off place. >>
[Hajj : 27-31]

Allaah warns against Shirk in these Noble Ayaat, in context of the Hajj, and commands keeping away from Shirk and He explains the ugliness of Shirk and its evil consequences.  The one who does Shirk, it is as if he has fallen from the sky and the birds have snatched him or the wind has thrown him to a far-off place.

Just as was mentioned before these Ayaat, Allaah –Subhanahu- ordered His Prophet Ibraheem - sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam –to sanctify the House after Allaah had shown him a place for it, and Allaah prohibited him from making Shirk with Allaah, as He –Subhanahu- says :
وَإِذۡ بَوَّأۡنَا لِإِبۡرَٰهِيمَ مَكَانَ ٱلۡبَيۡتِ أَن لَّا تُشۡرِكۡ بِي شَيۡ‍ٔٗا وَطَهِّرۡ بَيۡتِيَ لِلطَّآئِفِينَ وَٱلۡقَآئِمِينَ وَٱلرُّكَّعِ ٱلسُّجُودِ
<< And (remember) when We showed Ibraheem the site of the (Sacred) House (the Ka'bah at Makkah) (saying): ‘Do not Associate anything (in worship) with Me and sanctify My House for those who circumambulate it, those who stand up for prayer and those who bow and make prostration (in prayer);’ >> [Hajj: 26]
These Ayaat, which are regarding Hajj, are surrounded by a warning against Shirk, a prohibition of it and an explanation of its evil consequences.  These Ayaat also demonstrate a great proof illustrating the ugliness of Shirk and its great danger.  May Allaah protect myself and yourselves from it and may He provide us with sincerity in our speech and actions.


[1] This Highly beneficial booklet was compiled from a series of lectures that the Shaykh delivered in Masjid Quba for the visiting pilgrims.  It was translated by Allaah’s blessings in 1423 A.H. in the Prophetic City of al-Madina.

[2] Narrated by Ibn Jareer in his Tafseer (8/228).

Friday, September 28, 2012

Part 3 - Chapter 3 The Proclamation of Tawheed is an Evidence of ‘Aqeedah


Lessons of Creed Acquired From the Hajj
By

‘AbdurRazzaq bin ‘Abdul-Muhsin al-Badr

Translated by
Abbas Abu Yahya
Chapter 3
The Proclamation of Tawheed is an Evidence of ‘Aqeedah[1]
Indeed the most significant of the great lessons which benefits the Muslim in his Hajj to the House of Allaah the al-Haram is the obligation to have sincerity in all worship for Allaah Alone Who has no partners. So when the Muslim begins his Hajj, the first thing that he begins with is the proclamation of Tawheed and rejection of Shirk (associating partners with Allaah), when he says:
لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ , لَبَّيْكَ لا شَرِيكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ , إنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ ، لا شَرِيكَ لَكَ

labbaykallaahumma labbaika, labbaika laa shareeka laka labbaika-innal hamda wan ni'mata laka wal mulka-la shareeka lak
(Here I am O Allaah, here I am, You have no partner, here I am, Verily all praise is for You, and every bounty is from You, and all dominion is Yours - You have no partner.)
He repeats it and raises his voice with it whilst, at the same time, he is conscious of and feels what this proclamation indicates: the obligation to single out Allaah Alone with worship and keeping far away from Shirk.

Since Allaah is Alone in His favours and His giving, having no partners, then likewise He is Alone in His Tawheed not having any equal.

No one is supplicated to except Allaah, none is relied upon except Allaah, none is sought for aid except Allaah nor is any type of the different aspects of worship directed to anyone except Allaah. Just as the slave is required to make his intention for the Hajj completely for Allaah Alone, then in the same way he is required to make his intention in all the worship he performs and in all the acts of obedience by which he becomes closer to Allaah, for Allaah Alone. 

Whosoever directs anything from worship to other than Allaah then he has committed Shirk with Allaah, The Great, and he has suffered a clear loss, nullified his actions and Allaah will not accept his actions from him, neither his optional actions nor his obligatory actions.

Indeed Islaam came with this great proclamation, the proclamation of the Tawheed of Allaah, making the Deen sincerely for Allaah and distancing oneself from all types of Shirk large or small, minor or major.  Whereas the Mushrikoon (polytheists), the worshippers of idols and statues, used to make the declaration to enter into their Ihraam for Hajj with Shirk and abuse, they would say in their Talbeeyaah (proclamation):

‘Here I am O Allaah, here I am, You have no partner except for the partner who is Yours, whom you possess and what he possesses.’

So, in the proclamation, they included their false gods along with Allaah and they place – what they claim for their false gods – in the Hands of Allaah and this is the meaning of the saying of Allaah about them in the Qur’aan:
وَمَا يُؤۡمِنُ أَكۡثَرُهُم بِٱللَّهِ إِلَّا وَهُم مُّشۡرِكُونَ
<< And most of them believe not in Allaah except that they attribute partners unto Him>> [Yusuf: 106]

Meaning: that most of them do not believe in Allaah, that He is The Creator, The Provider and The Disposer except that they associate partners with Him in worship - with idols who do not possess anything and statues that do not benefit or bring harm, nor do they give anything or prevent harm, rather they do not possess anything at all for themselves, let alone possess anything for anyone else.

It is narrated by Ibn Jareer at-Tabaree on the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas -RadiAllaah anhu   - who said:
‘It is from their Eemaan, that if it is said to them: ‘Who created the sky?’ ‘Who created the earth?’ and ‘Who created the mountains?’ They would say ‘Allaah’ yet they are still Mushrikoon.’

On the authority of Ikrimaa that he said:
‘Ask them who created the heavens and the earth, they will say: Allaah. That is their Eemaan in Allaah and yet they worship other than Him.’

Also, on the authority of Mujaahid who said:
‘Their Eemaan is their saying: Allaah is our Creator, He gives us provision and He takes our lives. So this is Eemaan, along with Shirk in their worship of other than Him.’

On the authority of Ibn Zayd who said: ‘There is no-one that worships someone along with Allaah except that he believes in Allaah, knows that Allaah is His lord and that Allaah is his Creator and his Provider, but along with this he commits Shirk with Him. Do you not see how Ibraheem said:
قَالَ أَفَرَءَيۡتُم مَّا كُنتُمۡ تَعۡبُدُونَ ٧٥ أَنتُمۡ وَءَابَآؤُكُمُ ٱلۡأَقۡدَمُونَ ٧٦ فَإِنَّهُمۡ عَدُوّٞ لِّيٓ إِلَّا رَبَّ ٱلۡعَٰلَمِينَ ٧٧
<< He said: ‘Do you observe that which you have been worshipping – you and your ancient fathers? Verily they are enemies to me, except the Lord of the worlds. >> [ash-Shoora:75-77]

Ibraheem – alayhi as-Sallam - knew that they worshipped the Lord of the worlds along with those whom they used to worship.’ Then he said: there is none that commits Shirk except that he believes in Allaah, do you not see how the Arabs used to proclaim and say: ‘Here I am O Allaah, here I am, You have no partner except for the partner who is Yours, whom you possess and what he possesses.’
This is what the Mushrikoon used to say.’[2] 

Indeed the Mushrikoon at the time of the Prophet - sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam – used to affirm that their Creator, Provider and The Disposer of their affairs was Allaah, but even with this affirmation they did not make the Deen sincerely for Allaah. Rather, they worshipped others along with Him in their worshipping of trees, stones and idols, besides other things. Allaah made this matter clear and explained it in many places in the Noble Qur’aan, such as His -Subhanahu- saying:
وَلَئِن سَأَلۡتَهُم مَّنۡ خَلَقَ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضَ وَسَخَّرَ ٱلشَّمۡسَ وَٱلۡقَمَرَ لَيَقُولُنَّ ٱللَّهُۖ فَأَنَّىٰ يُؤۡفَكُونَ ٦١
<<And if you were to ask them: ‘Who has created the heavens and the earth and subjected the sun and the moon?’ They will surely reply ‘Allaah’. How then are they deviating (as disbelievers)? >>
[Ankabut: 61]

The Aayaat with this meaning are many.
Al-Hafidh Ibn Katheer -Rahimullaah- said in his book of Tafseer: ‘Allaah Ta’ala speaks, affirming that there is none worthy of worship in truth except Him- because the Mushrikeen who worship Him, worship others along with Him- they acknowledge that He is Independent in His creation of the heavens and the earth, the sun and the moon and the change of the night and day and that He is The Creator and The Provider for His slaves, The One Who determines their different times of death, their different types of provision and the contrast between them.

Therefore, from amongst them, are the rich and the poor and He knows best that which is befitting for everyone amongst them, he who deserves to be rich and he who deserves to be poor. It is mentioned that He is Independent in creating things and He is Alone in organising the creation.  So, if this is the case, then why is someone other than Him relied upon? Since He is Alone in possessing everything then He should be the only One worshipped. Many times Allaah Ta’ala establishes His status as being worthy of being worshipped due to the recognition of the Tawheed of His Lordship. The Mushrikoon used to acknowledge this as they used to say in their proclamation:

‘Here I am O Allaah, here I am, You have no partner, except for the partner who is Yours, whom You possess and what he possesses.’

So why is someone else relied upon?[3]
There are many places in the noble Qur’aan which mention this meaning of establishing proof against the Kuffar of their obligation to have Tawheed of Him in His worship and making the Deen sincerely for Him due to their acknowledgement of the Lordship of Allaah –Jala wa Oola. Due to this, Allaah addresses them regarding the Tawheed of His Lordship with a rhetorical question. So, if they affirm His Lordship, He uses this as an evidence against them, that He is The One Who deserves to be worshipped Alone and He rebukes them, rejecting their association of others with Him, even though they acknowledge that He Alone is The Lord; because whoever acknowledges that He Alone is The Lord then it necessitates that all worship is performed sincerely for Him. 

With this, it becomes clear that acknowledging that Allaah is The Creator, The Provider, The Benefactor, The One who controls and The Disposer of the affairs of the creation, (then this) is not sufficient for the (establishment of the) Tawheed of Allaah and it does not save anyone from the punishment of Allaah on the Day of Judgement, unless all worship is sincerely for Allaah Alone.

Allaah does not accept the Tawheed of Lordship from His slaves unless they single Him out Alone in the Tawheed of Ibaadah (worship), such that they do not take an equal with Him, nor do they supplicate to anyone along with Him, nor do they rely upon anyone except Him, nor do they direct any form of worship to other than Him -Subhanahu, so just as He -Subhanahu- is The Only One to create then He is worshipped Alone with all types of worship.

This is why Allaah Ta’ala said to those who turned their worship to other than Him, even though they knew that He is their Creator and Provider:
فَلَا تَجۡعَلُواْ لِلَّهِ أَندَادٗا وَأَنتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُونَ ٢٢
<< Then do not set up rivals unto Allaah (in worship) while you know (that He Alone has the right to be worshipped)>>
[al-Baqarah: 22]

Ibn ‘Abbas - RadiAllaah anhu – said: ‘i.e. Do not associate others with Allaah assigning equals to Him, who do not bring any benefit, nor do they harm while you know that you have no Lord who provides for you other than Him. Indeed you have come to know that what the Messenger of Allaah -sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam- called you to, of Allaah’s Tawheed, then that is the truth wherein there is no doubt.’[4]

Qatadah said: ‘You know that Allaah created you and He created the Heavens and the earth, then you ascribe equals unto Him.’[5]

Indeed the blessing upon the Ummah of Islaam is great; their being guided to the Tawheed of Allaah in His Lordship, worship and His Names and Attributes. The blessing of Allaah upon the Muslims is great in their being capable of proclaiming Allaah’s Tawheed, since others besides them proclaim Shirk and set up equals with Him.  So, for Allaah belongs the praise, -Subhanahu- for giving the ability, His blessings and guidance and to Him belong many good and blessed praises, such as our Noble Lord loves and is pleased with.



[1] This Highly beneficial booklet was compiled from a series of lectures that the Shaykh delivered in Masjid Quba for the visiting pilgrims.  It was translated by Allaah’s blessings in 1423 A.H. in the Prophetic City of al-Madina.
[2]           Jamia’ al-Bayan 98/77-78.
[3]           Tafseer Ibn Katheer (6/301)
[4]           Narrated by Ibn Jareer in his Tafseer (1/164).
[5]           Narrated by Ibn Jareer in his Tafseer (1/164).